====== Management Practices to Reduce I & D Damage ======
I.
A. Annosus root rot of pines 
   1. Is most likely to kill trees in sandy or sandy loam soils __12" or more in depth.__ 
   Trees infected, but not killed, may be weakened sufficiently to attract bark beetle and/or
   suffer excess windthrow. Prevent infection by:
      (a) Sprinkling a light coat of granular __borax__ on the freshly-cut stumps following a 
      partial cut.
      (b) Int he deep South, scheduling cutting operations from May through September (July and
      August in coastal Virginia).
      (c) Minimizing number of thinnings during rotation.
B. Reproduction Weevils (__Hylobius pales__ & __Pachylobius picivorus__)\\
   Adult Weevils occasionally kill as many as 90% of newly planted pine seedlings, mainly during
   the early spring the first year of planting on recently harvested or site prepared sites which
   supported pine.
   Control: delay planting of cut-over woodland one full growing season where more than (1) cord
   per acre of pine stumpage is removed or disturbed in site preparation or treat seedlings with
   an insecticide registered for that purpose.
C. Fusiform Rust: \\
   This fungus can cause extensive loss to young loblolly, slash, pitch, and pond pine. Surveys 
   indicate that Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, North Carolina, and
   Florida are the SE state with the most acreage susceptible to damaging infection. A regional 
   hazard-rating map has been developed. Certain high-hazard areas should be planted with rust 
   resistant species or resistant varieties of slash or loblolly. Incidence and severity is governed 
   such factors as abundance of spore inoculum, humidity and rainfall, abundance of alternate hosts
   (oaks) and relative susceptibility of pine host. Guidelines are available for site examination
   and for intermediate cuts in infected stands.
D. White Pine Blister Rust: \\
   Essentially a localized problem in Virginia and North Carolina in the higher elevation
   (over 2500').Where E white pine is to be planted in known hazard areas, sites should 
   be examined for the alternate host (__Ribes__ sp.) before final species choice is made. 
   Protection involves eradication of all __Ribes__ bushes within 300' of the young pines.
II. Other Pests of Importance \\
A. Gypsy Moth
   Presence of male moths (and possible infestations) can be assessed by use of pheromone traps.
   Defoliation, the presence of larvae, pupae, or egg masses can be indicators of gypsy moth
   presence. Isolated infestations should be reported to the USDA who would apply measures to 
   prevent further spread or eliminate the infestation. Losses to mixed oak forests in the 
   Southern Appalachians is expected to be significant once the gypsy moth is established there.